Summary
PROJECT SUMMARY Down syndrome (DS), or Trisomy 21, is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality in humans, resulting from a complete or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. Clinically, DS is identified after birth through the recognition of specific physical characteristics such as flat nasal bridge and midface, decreased muscle tone, clinodactyly, and short neck with excess skin at the back. Additionally, children and adults with DS have a higher likelihood of gastrointestinal dysfunction that markedly affects quality of life. While our understanding of the underlying cognitive and other cent
