Summary
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Icing is a natural phenomenon that plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth, but unwanted icing can cause severe economic, environmental, and life-threatening consequences. Conventional antifreezing materials, such as icephobic water-free organics or hydrophilic hydrogels containing antifreezing additives, often suffer from weak mechanical properties under subzero temperatures, which limits their practical applications. To address this issue, this research will explore a design strategy for developing a new class of fully polymeric hydrogels that possess inher
