Summary
Precise measurements of Earth’s surface motion and deformation are critical for understanding and mitigating natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. On land, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and several other geodetic techniques have enabled high-precision, affordable, and continuous monitoring of surface deformation. In contrast, humans’ current ability to monitor the ocean floor – where many hazardous events originate – remains severely limited due to technical challenges and high costs. As a results, large portions of the solid Earth, particular
