Summary
Fluoride ion batteries are a promising class of energy storage devices that use earth-abundant elements such as fluorine, calcium, magnesium, and copper. These materials are widely available and avoid reliance on critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and vanadium, which have limited supply chains and are subject to geopolitical risks. The growing demand for reliable, cost-effective, and safe stationary storage is driven by rising electricity consumption, aging infrastructure, natural disasters, and the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence data centers. These facilities require
