Summary
Thermal noise presents the most fundamental limit to the achievable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in analog electronic circuits. To suppress thermal noise, many scientific instruments used in fields such as radio astronomy, high-energy particle colliders, and emerging superconducting quantum computers require cryogenic cooling, which significantly increases their cost and consumes more energy. For most commercial and industrial applications where cryogenic cooling is too expensive to employ, the only solution for reducing sampled thermal noise in discrete-time electronic circuits is to use a lar
