Summary
ABSTRACT Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system, impacting approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. It is characterized by immune cell-driven inflammatory demyelination and axonal degeneration, leading to a spectrum of motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits. A key pathological hallmark of MS is increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. The BBB, composed of multiple cell types, including astrocytes, is critical for maintaining CNS homeostasis. Astrocytic dysfunction has been implicated in BBB impairment across severa
