Summary
Non-technical abstract Technologies that operate at the nanoscale, such as molecular machines, nanobatteries, and biological motors, function in regimes where traditional thermodynamics no longer fully applies. At these small scales and over short times, random fluctuations can temporarily allow processes that appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics. While modern theory predicts when such events can occur, experimentally observing and quantifying them in complex, interacting systems remains a major challenge. This project addresses this gap by using artificial spin systems—engine
