Summary
Liquids composed of polymers exhibit unusual flow properties. These liquids contain long, flexible molecular chains that induce surprising behaviors in flow. Even when flowing slowly, they can generate a chaotic motion called elastic turbulence. When flowing rapidly, they can generate another chaotic state called elasto-inertial turbulence. These unusual flow behaviors are seen in common materials such as saliva, mucus and tree sap. They also are observed in advanced manufacturing processes, inkjet printing, energy production, and food manufacturing. Most mathematical models of these flow
