Summary
Project Summary Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem with high mortality (~50% at 5 years) and hospital readmission (~25% at 30 days). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) improve both outcomes in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, these drugs also adversely affect kidney function, and may increase the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, and incident kidney failure, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy. All these ri
