Summary
The semiconductor industry is rapidly approaching the fundamental limits of conventional scaling, creating an urgent need for transformative materials and integration strategies that can sustain progress in electronics and advanced artificial intelligence (AI) hardware. Low-dimensional (low-D) materials—metals, semiconductors, and insulators with one-dimensional features such as carbon nanotubes or atomically thin two-dimensional layers like molybdenum disulfide—offer a compelling pathway forward. With thicknesses of only a few atoms, these materials represent the ultimate size limit of electr
