Summary
Ceramic particle-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) have attracted wide interest across multiple industries because they combine the ductility and toughness of metals with the hardness, stiffness, and thermal stability of ceramics. In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged for producing MMCs with complex geometries and functionally graded structures. Among AM technologies, directed energy deposition (DED) offers exceptional flexibility in material feedstock control, making it suitable for fabricating MMCs ranging from protective coatings to complex bulk components. Althou
